A History of Ancient Greek Physics

In ancient times, the systematic study of fundamental natural laws was not a huge concern. The concern was staying alive. Science, as it existed at that time, consisted primarily of agriculture and, eventually, engineering to improve the daily lives of the growing societies. The sailing of a ship, for example, utilizes air drag, the same principle that keeps an airplane aloft. The ancients were able to figure out how to construct and operate sailing ships without precise rules for this principle. Looking to the Heavens and the Earth The ancients are known perhaps best for their astronomy, which continues to influence us heavily today. They regularly observed the heavens, which were believed to be a divine realm with the Earth at its center. It was certainly obvious to everyone that the sun, moon, and stars moved across the heaven in a regular pattern, and its unclear whether any documented thinker of the ancient world thought to question this geocentric viewpoint. Regardless, humans began identifying constellations in the heavens and used these signs of the Zodiac to define calendars and seasons. Mathematics developed first in the Middle East, though the precise origins vary depending upon which historian one talks to. It is almost certain that the origin of mathematics was for simple recordkeeping in commerce and government. Egypt made profound progress in the development of basic geometry, because of the need to clearly define farming territory following the annual flooding of the Nile. Geometry quickly found applications in astronomy, as well. Natural Philosophy in Ancient Greece As the Greek civilization arose, however, there came finally enough stability - despite the fact that there still frequent wars - for there to arise an intellectual aristocracy, an intelligentsia, that was able to devote itself to the systematic study of these matters. Euclid and Pythagoras are just a couple of the names that resonate through the ages in the development of mathematics from this period. In the physical sciences, there were also developments. Leucippus (5th century B.C.E.) refused to accept the ancient supernatural explanations of nature and proclaimed categorically that every event had a natural cause. His student, Democritus, went on to continue this concept. The two of them were proponents of a concept that all matter is comprised of tiny particles which were so small that they could not be broken up. These particles were called atoms, from a Greek word for indivisible. It would be two millennia before the atomistic views gained support and even longer before there was evidence to support the speculation. The Natural Philosophy of Aristotle While his mentor Plato (and  his  mentor, Socrates) were far more concerned with moral philosophy, Aristotles (384 - 322 B.C.E.) philosophy had more secular foundations. He promoted the concept that observation of physical phenomena could ultimately lead to the discovery of natural laws governing those phenomena, though unlike Leucippus and Democritus, Aristotle believed that these natural laws were, ultimately, divine in nature. His was a natural philosophy, an observational science based on reason but without experimentation. He has rightly been criticized for a lack of rigor (if not outright carelessness) in his observations. For one egregious example, he states that men have more teeth than women which is certainly not true. Still, it was a step in the right direction. The Motions of Objects One of Aristotles interests was the motion of objects: Why does a rock fall while smoke rises?Why does water flow downward while flames dance into the air?Why do the planets move across the sky? He explained this by saying that all matter is composed of five elements: FireEarthAirWaterAether (divine substance of the heavens) The four elements of this world interchange and relate to each other, while Aether was an entirely different type of substance. These worldly elements each had natural realms. For example, we exist where the Earth realm (the ground beneath our feet) meets the Air realm (the air all around us and up as high as we can see). The natural state of objects, to Aristotle, was at rest, in a location that was in balance with the elements of which they were composed. The motion of objects, therefore, was an attempt by the object to reach its natural state. A rock falls because the Earth realm is down. Water flows downward because its natural realm is beneath the Earth realm. Smoke rises because it is comprised of both Air and Fire, thus it tries to reach the high Fire realm, which is also why flames extend upward. There was no attempt by Aristotle to mathematically describe the reality that he observed. Though he formalized Logic, he considered mathematics and the natural world to be fundamentally unrelated. Mathematics was, in his view, concerned with unchanging objects that lacked reality, while his natural philosophy focused on changing objects with a reality of their own. More Natural Philosophy In addition to this work on the impetus, or motion, of objects, Aristotle did extensive studies in other areas: created a classification system, dividing animals with similar characteristics into genera.studied, in his work Meteorology, the nature not only of weather patterns but also geology and natural history.formalized the mathematical system called Logic.extensive philosophical work on the nature of mans relation to the divine, as well as ethical considerations Aristotles work was rediscovered by scholars in the Middle Ages and he was proclaimed the greatest thinker of the ancient world. His views became the philosophical foundation of the Catholic Church (in cases where it didnt directly contradict the Bible) and in centuries to come observations that did not conform to Aristotle were denounced as a heretic. It is one of the greatest ironies that such a proponent of observational science would be used to inhibit such work in the future. Archimedes of Syracuse Archimedes (287 - 212 B.C.E.) is best known for the classic story of how he discovered the principles of density and buoyancy while taking a bath, immediately causing him to run through the streets of Syracuse naked screaming Eureka! (which roughly translates to I have found it!). In addition, he is known for many other significant feats: outlined the mathematical principles of the lever, one of the oldest machinescreated elaborate pulley systems, reputedly having been able to move a full-size ship by pulling on a single ropedefined the concept of the center of gravitycreated the field of statics, using Greek geometry to find equilibrium states for objects that would be taxing for modern physicistsreputed to have built many inventions, including a water screw for irrigation and war machines that helped Syracuse against Rome in the First Punic War. He is attributed by some with inventing the odometer during this time, though that has not been proven. Perhaps Archimedes greatest achievement, however, was to reconcile Aristotles great error of separating mathematics and nature. As the first mathematical physicist, he showed that detailed mathematics could be applied with creativity and imagination for both theoretical and practical results. Hipparchus Hipparchus (190 - 120 B.C.E.) was born in Turkey, though he was a Greek. He is considered by many to be the greatest observational astronomer of ancient Greece. With trigonometric tables that he developed, he applied geometry rigorously to the study of astronomy and was able to predict solar eclipses. He also studied the motion of the sun and moon, calculating with greater precision than any before him their distance, size, and parallax. To aid him in this work, he improved many of the tools used in naked-eye observations of the time. The mathematics used indicates that Hipparchus may have studied Babylonian mathematics and been responsible for bringing some of that knowledge to Greece. Hipparchus is reputed to have written fourteen books, but the only direct work that remains was a commentary on a popular astronomical poem. Stories tell of Hipparchus having calculated the circumference of the Earth, but this is in some dispute. Ptolemy The last great astronomer of the ancient world was Claudius Ptolemaeus (known as Ptolemy to posterity). In the second century C.E., he wrote a summary of ancient astronomy (borrowed heavily from Hipparchus - this is our main source for knowledge of Hipparchus) which came to be known throughout Arabia as  Almagest  (the greatest). He formally outlined the geocentric model of the universe, describing a series of concentric circles and spheres upon which other planets moved. The combinations had to be exceedingly complicated to account for the observed motions, but his work was adequate enough that for fourteen centuries it was seen as the comprehensive statement on heavenly motion. With the fall of Rome, however, the stability that supports such innovation died out in the European world. Much of the knowledge obtained by the ancient world was lost during the Dark Ages. For example, of the 150 reputed Aristotelian works, only 30 exist today, and some of those are little more than lecture notes. In that age, the discovery of knowledge would lie to the East: to China and the Middle East.

What Are the Main Sources Used in Shakespeares Plays

The stories told in Shakespeare’s plays are not original. Rather, Shakespeare sourced his plots and characters from historical accounts and classical texts. Shakespeare was well-read and drew from an extensive range of texts – not all of them written in his mother tongue! It is often difficult to prove a direct link between Shakespeare’s plays and the original sources, but there are some writers that Shakespeare came back to time and time again. Below are some of the most important sources for Shakespeare’s plays: Main Shakespeare Sources: Giovanni BoccaccioThis Italian prose and poetry writer published a collection of stories entitled the Decameron in the mid-fourteenth century. It is believed that, in parts, Shakespeare would have had to work from the original Italian.Source for: All’s Well That Ends Well, Cymbeline and The Two Gentlemen of Verona.Arthur BrookeAlthough the plot behind Romeo and Juliet was well-known in Shakespeare’s time, it is believed that Shakespeare primarily worked from Brooke’s 1562 poem entitled The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet.Source for: Romeo and JulietSaxo GrammaticusIn around 1200 AD, Saxo Grammaticus wrote Gesta Danorum (or â€Å"Deeds of the Danes†) which chronicled Denmark’s Kings and told the story of Amleth – the real-life Hamlet! You will notice that Hamlet is an anagram of Amleth. It is believed that Shakespeare would have had to work from the original Latin.Source for: HamletRaphael HolinshedHolinshed’s Chronicles records t he history of England, Scotland, and Ireland and became Shakespeare’s primary source for his historical plays. However, it should be noted that Shakespeare did not set out to create historically accurate accounts – he reshaped history for dramatic purposes and to play into the prejudices of his audience.Source for: Henry IV (both parts), Henry V, Henry VI (all three parts), Henry VIII, Richard II, Richard III, King Lear, Macbeth, and Cymbeline.PlutarchThis ancient-Greek historian and philosopher became the main source for Shakespeare’s Roman plays. Plutarch produced a text called Parallel Lives in around 100 AD that contains over 40 biographies of Greek and Roman leaders.Source for: Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus, Julius Caesar and Timon of Athens.

Should Euthanasia Be Legal - 1311 Words

Throughout many years, there are many cases that people have used euthanasia, or physician assisted suicide. They used it with the purpose of releasing their soul and the pain that they could not endure any longer. Euthanasia is a process provided by the medical system today that involves active and passive euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide is spreading across the world, and people are using it legally. In the U.S, euthanasia has been legalized in some states so people are trying to take advantage of it. Many people have used euthanasia so they would not suffer any longer. Indeed, while some people will argue that coercion holds a strong presence in the process, euthanasia should be legal to give people the right to choose whether†¦show more content†¦The society cannot push and force the patients should whether use euthanasia or not. As the result of it, we took away their right and freedom so they couldn t make their own decision. Likewise, a philosopher, educator and author, Hook (2012) has the same idea that people have their own right to choose what they should do. He says, The responsibility for the decision, whether deemed wise or foolish, must be with the chooser (p.2). Even though euthanasia maybe a dangerous treatment, it is within the patient s right to feel empowered over their own life . Patients are in need of this treatment in order to feel dignified at the moment of their death. The dignified choice is no one forcing it, and to make them happy to have the ability to choose. Also, they listen and trust themselves before making a decision of physician assisted suicide. Therefore, it all depends on the patients who would decide whether they choose euthanasia or not. How many people will agree that being patients is good because you don t have to do anything except laying on the bed whole day? Maybe a few but the rest can definitely understand the sadness and burden of being patients. When you become a patient, you will be a burden fo r your family, and the people closest to you. The feeling of being burden is painful and patients especially just want to end it. Fensterman (2004) asserts most patients will feel that they are a physical and emotional burden to their surrounding

How The Media Portrays Multiple Different Political Issues

In this paper I will be introducing the credible sources that will be used in my final presentation of my chosen topic, the reasons I chose these sources, and their relevance to my presentation. The topic of my paper is â€Å"How the Media Portrays Multiple Different Political Issues†. I will investigate different political issues we as a country face today and use my chosen sources to obtain a better understanding of reporting and the biases that each different network holds. I chose the topic â€Å"How the Media Portrays Multiple Different Political Issues† because this is something that affects us Americans everyday, the biases and the way a story is portrayed can affect our understanding of a topic and how we as an individual stand on a certain†¦show more content†¦The headline was titled â€Å"On Terrorism and Tourism: Americans Alter Travel Plans.† The article described the horror throughout the region immediately following the attack and cautioned Americans against international travel. The article went on to describe how the American dollar was also declining in value, although this was stated much later in the article, as if it was an afterthought. This shows how terrorism will almost always beat out other important topics due to its alarmist reaction and emotional reaction by an audience these types of stories are more likely to receive a better rating as well. I believe that after reviewing this source, The New York Times has an obligation to report truthful accounts of these incidences in which terror takes place however the alarmist fashion these stories are reported in often times before information has been confirmed spreads terror far beyond the affected regions aiming to hit everyone close to home. This is done with the hope that they will be the first to break the story and thus boost ratings. With this said many stations have been known to leave reports open ended to increase suspense and to keep viewers watching and on edge. I chose this source because I found it very relevant to my topic and how media chooses which stories they believe are the most important. The next source I found relevant and useful is a book by Shanto Lyengar

Carrier Planning Report for Mba Student Free Essays

CAREER PLANNING ASSIGNMENT DEEPENDRA SINGH A30101911072 Sec- B, Sem-IV A Career has been defined as the sequence of a person’s experiences on different jobs over  the period of time. It is viewed as fundamentally a relationship between one or more organizations and the individual. A career is a sequence of positions/jobs held by a person during the course of his workinglife. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrier Planning Report for Mba Student or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many of today’s employees have high expectations about their jobs. There has been a generalincrease in the concern of the quality of life. Workers expect more from their jobs than justincome. A further impetus to career planning is the need for organizations to make the best  possible use of their most valuable resources the people in a time of rapid technologicalgrowth and change. Career planning as a concern is of recent origin. The reason for thislack of concern regarding career planning for a long time has been the careless,unrealistic assumption about employees functioning smoothly along the right lines and the  belief that the employees guide themselves in their careers. Modern personnel administration has to be futuristic, it has to look beyond the present tasks,since neither the requirements of the organization nor the attitudes and abilities of employeesare constant. It is too costly to leave career to the tyranny of time and casualty of  circumstances, for it is something which requires to be handled carefully through systematization and professional promoting. Fortunately, there has lately been someappreciation of the value of career planning and acceptance of validity of career development as a major input in organizational development. Career Planning aims at identifying personal skills, interest, knowledge and other features;and establishes specific plans to attain specific goals. Aims and Objectives of Career Planning Career Planning aims at matching individual potential for promotion and individualaspirations with organizational needs and opportunities. Career Planning is making sure thatthe organization has the right people with the right skills at the right time. In particular itindicates what training and development would be necessary for advancing in the career  altering the career path or staying in the current position. Its focus is on future needs andopportunities and removal of stagnation, obsolescence dissatisfaction of the employee. OBJECTIVE OF CAREER PLANNING †¢To attract and retain the right type of person in the organization. †¢To map out career of employees suitable to their ability and their willingness to betrained and developed for higher positions. †¢To have a more stable workforce by reducing labour turnover and absenteeism. †¢It contributes to man power planning as well as organizational development andeffectiveachievement of corporate goals. To increasingly utilize the managerial talent available at all levels within theorganization. †¢It helps employee in thinking of long term involvement with the organization. †¢To provide guidance and encourage employees to fulfill their potentials. †¢To achieve higher productivity and organizational development. †¢To ensure better use of human resource through more satisfied and productiveemployees. †¢To meet the immediate and future human resource needs of the organization on thetimely basis. NEED FOR CAREER PLANNING †¢Desire to grow and scale new heights. Realize and achieve the goals. †¢Performance measure. †¢High employee turnover. †¢To educate the employees †¢It motivates employees to grow. †¢It motivates employees to avail training and development. †¢It increases employee loyalty as they feel organization care’s about them. ADVANTAGES OF CAREER PLANNING In fact both individuals and the organization are going to benefit from career planning anddevelopment. #For Individuals 1. The process of career planning helps the individual to have the knowledge of variouscareer opportunities, his priorities etc. . This knowledge helps him select the career that is suitable to his life styles, preferences,family environment, scope for self-development etc. 3. It helps the organization identify internal employees who can be promoted. 4. Internal p romotions, up gradation and transfers motivate the employees, boost uptheir morale and also result in increased job satisfaction. 5. Increased job satisfaction enhances employee commitment and creates a senseof belongingness and loyalty to the organization. . Employee will await his turn of promotion rather than changing to another organization. This will lower employee turnover. 7. It improves employee’s performance on the job by taping their potential abilities andfurther employee turnover. 8. It satisfies employee esteem needs. #For Organizations A long-term focus of career planning and development will increase the effectiveness of  human resource management. The advantages of career planning anddevelopment for an organization include: 1. Efficient career planning and development ensures the availability of human resourceswith required skill, knowledge and talent. 2. The efficient policies and practices improve the organization’s ability to attract and retainhighly skilled and talent employees. 3. The proper career planning ensures that the women and people belong to backwardcommunities get opportunities for growth and development. 4. The career plan continuously tries to satisfy the employee expectations and as suchminimizes employee frustration. 5. By attracting and retaining the people from different cultures, enhances cultural diversity. 6. Protecting employee’s interest results in promoting organizational goodwill. CAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1. Identifying individual needs and aspirations: It’s necessary to identify and communicate the career goals, aspiration and career anchors of  every employee because most individuals may not have a clear idea about these. For this  purpose, a human resource inventory of the organization and employee potential areasconcerned. 2. Analyzing career opportunities: The organizational set up, future plans and career system of the employees are analyzed toidentify the career opportunities available within it. Career paths can be determined for each  position. It can also necessary to analyze career demands in terms of knowledge, skill,experience, aptitude etc. 3. Identifying match and mismatch: A mechanism to identifying congruence between individual current aspirations andorganizational career system is developed to identify and compare specific areas of matchand mismatch for different categories of employees. 4. Formulating and implementing strategies: Alternative action plans and strategies for dealing with the match and mismatch areformulated and implemented. 5. Reviewing career plans: A periodic review of the career plan is necessary to know whether the plan is contributing toeffective utilization of human resources by matching employee objectives to job needs. Review will also indicate to employees in which direction the organization is moving, whatchanges are likely to take place and what skills are needed to adapt to the changing needs of  the organization. How to cite Carrier Planning Report for Mba Student, Papers

Carrier Planning Report for Mba Student Free Essays

CAREER PLANNING ASSIGNMENT DEEPENDRA SINGH A30101911072 Sec- B, Sem-IV A Career has been defined as the sequence of a person’s experiences on different jobs over  the period of time. It is viewed as fundamentally a relationship between one or more organizations and the individual. A career is a sequence of positions/jobs held by a person during the course of his workinglife. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrier Planning Report for Mba Student or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many of today’s employees have high expectations about their jobs. There has been a generalincrease in the concern of the quality of life. Workers expect more from their jobs than justincome. A further impetus to career planning is the need for organizations to make the best  possible use of their most valuable resources the people in a time of rapid technologicalgrowth and change. Career planning as a concern is of recent origin. The reason for thislack of concern regarding career planning for a long time has been the careless,unrealistic assumption about employees functioning smoothly along the right lines and the  belief that the employees guide themselves in their careers. Modern personnel administration has to be futuristic, it has to look beyond the present tasks,since neither the requirements of the organization nor the attitudes and abilities of employeesare constant. It is too costly to leave career to the tyranny of time and casualty of  circumstances, for it is something which requires to be handled carefully through systematization and professional promoting. Fortunately, there has lately been someappreciation of the value of career planning and acceptance of validity of career development as a major input in organizational development. Career Planning aims at identifying personal skills, interest, knowledge and other features;and establishes specific plans to attain specific goals. Aims and Objectives of Career Planning Career Planning aims at matching individual potential for promotion and individualaspirations with organizational needs and opportunities. Career Planning is making sure thatthe organization has the right people with the right skills at the right time. In particular itindicates what training and development would be necessary for advancing in the career  altering the career path or staying in the current position. Its focus is on future needs andopportunities and removal of stagnation, obsolescence dissatisfaction of the employee. OBJECTIVE OF CAREER PLANNING †¢To attract and retain the right type of person in the organization. †¢To map out career of employees suitable to their ability and their willingness to betrained and developed for higher positions. †¢To have a more stable workforce by reducing labour turnover and absenteeism. †¢It contributes to man power planning as well as organizational development andeffectiveachievement of corporate goals. To increasingly utilize the managerial talent available at all levels within theorganization. †¢It helps employee in thinking of long term involvement with the organization. †¢To provide guidance and encourage employees to fulfill their potentials. †¢To achieve higher productivity and organizational development. †¢To ensure better use of human resource through more satisfied and productiveemployees. †¢To meet the immediate and future human resource needs of the organization on thetimely basis. NEED FOR CAREER PLANNING †¢Desire to grow and scale new heights. Realize and achieve the goals. †¢Performance measure. †¢High employee turnover. †¢To educate the employees †¢It motivates employees to grow. †¢It motivates employees to avail training and development. †¢It increases employee loyalty as they feel organization care’s about them. ADVANTAGES OF CAREER PLANNING In fact both individuals and the organization are going to benefit from career planning anddevelopment. #For Individuals 1. The process of career planning helps the individual to have the knowledge of variouscareer opportunities, his priorities etc. . This knowledge helps him select the career that is suitable to his life styles, preferences,family environment, scope for self-development etc. 3. It helps the organization identify internal employees who can be promoted. 4. Internal p romotions, up gradation and transfers motivate the employees, boost uptheir morale and also result in increased job satisfaction. 5. Increased job satisfaction enhances employee commitment and creates a senseof belongingness and loyalty to the organization. . Employee will await his turn of promotion rather than changing to another organization. This will lower employee turnover. 7. It improves employee’s performance on the job by taping their potential abilities andfurther employee turnover. 8. It satisfies employee esteem needs. #For Organizations A long-term focus of career planning and development will increase the effectiveness of  human resource management. The advantages of career planning anddevelopment for an organization include: 1. Efficient career planning and development ensures the availability of human resourceswith required skill, knowledge and talent. 2. The efficient policies and practices improve the organization’s ability to attract and retainhighly skilled and talent employees. 3. The proper career planning ensures that the women and people belong to backwardcommunities get opportunities for growth and development. 4. The career plan continuously tries to satisfy the employee expectations and as suchminimizes employee frustration. 5. By attracting and retaining the people from different cultures, enhances cultural diversity. 6. Protecting employee’s interest results in promoting organizational goodwill. CAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1. Identifying individual needs and aspirations: It’s necessary to identify and communicate the career goals, aspiration and career anchors of  every employee because most individuals may not have a clear idea about these. For this  purpose, a human resource inventory of the organization and employee potential areasconcerned. 2. Analyzing career opportunities: The organizational set up, future plans and career system of the employees are analyzed toidentify the career opportunities available within it. Career paths can be determined for each  position. It can also necessary to analyze career demands in terms of knowledge, skill,experience, aptitude etc. 3. Identifying match and mismatch: A mechanism to identifying congruence between individual current aspirations andorganizational career system is developed to identify and compare specific areas of matchand mismatch for different categories of employees. 4. Formulating and implementing strategies: Alternative action plans and strategies for dealing with the match and mismatch areformulated and implemented. 5. Reviewing career plans: A periodic review of the career plan is necessary to know whether the plan is contributing toeffective utilization of human resources by matching employee objectives to job needs. Review will also indicate to employees in which direction the organization is moving, whatchanges are likely to take place and what skills are needed to adapt to the changing needs of  the organization. How to cite Carrier Planning Report for Mba Student, Papers

John Lewis and Management System

Question: To identify the component activity for an organisation of " john lewis" ( this is the organisation that i have chosen). Evaluate the performance objectives used by each and critically examine and suggest ways in which the performance could be improved? Answer: Introduction The component activity of the business is an important factor, which contributes towards the successful business operational activities. Every company differs from others in production activities and values. The strategies adopted vary and depends upon various factors. This is one of the reasons, the components activities have to be identified and differentiated from the other business that is indulged into the similar production activities. Component activities includes the below mentioned factors Analysing the long term goals of the company Identifying the organizational goals for the company like the values, mission, brand image, and production activities. Development of the staffs and managing the organizational culture. This report has been has been prepared on John Lewis one of the upmarket department store is located in the UK. The stores are owned by the John Lewis, and have been in operations since in Oxford Street London. Due to strategy development and growth, the company has been able to develop new stores across England. The success of the store has been contributed to the successful operational planning executed by the stores (Turban et al., 2007). Components activities of John Lewis Some of the important components of the John Lewis partnership are Setting out the operational activities by highlighting the vision and mission of the company Analysing the environmental factors Developing partnership strategies Conduce of the SWOT analysis Mission of John Lewis The mission statement is associated with the goals that are proposed to be achieved by the company. John Lewis believes in rendering unique services to the potential clients from different parts of the country and the world. The unique factor is associated with handling the needs of the customers, providing quality services, and implementing better strategies for increasing the quality of the services proposed to be rendered to the clients. The success of the store has been also contributed towards the staffing process, through which the business sustainability plan has been implemented in an effective manner. The vision and the mission of the company have been discussed with the clients and the stakeholders, as this helps in achieving the set target ( Rachel et al., 2010). Component associated with the business strategy John Lewis offers branded and cost effective services to the clients. The prime objective of the store is to render the better services and share information with - Marketing department HR department Such factors are required to earn profit, which is one of the prime objectives for the company. At the time of sharing the information, the management ensures to highlight the unexplored opportunities and the strategies through which the challenging tasks at the business place can be achieved (Scheer et al., 2007). Marketing department are provided with accurate and reliable information about the business performance. Through this process, an attempt is made to develop long term and positive relationship with the organization. Detailed information about the business conduct and other activities related to the business needs to be discussed with the members on a timely manner. Such sharing of information secures the partnerships and makes the employees confidence about the business conduct (Ya-Fen and Tzai-Zang, 2009) In the HR factor, the partnership of the store ensures to render the best possible services to the existing and potential clients. The queries faced by the customers are handled in an effective manner. This has been done to introduce strategies for improving the value of the customers and include honesty into the process. For this, the HR management provide quick and reliable services to the clients. Query handling and the benefits associated with the customers are shared in an effective manner (Kruppke Bauer, 2005). Technology changes The quality of services has been proposed to be improved through the introduction of latest and efficient technology. The process includes for handling the below mentioned factors Supply chain management system Keep a track of the sales (Pugna et al., 2008) Develop staff retention process Analyse the quality of the products and services sold by the company Introduce inventory system Analyse the budget and objectives of the company Analysing the environmental factors It is necessary to analyse the external environmental factors which is one of the most important factors that would contribute towards the successful business conduct. Through this process, an attempt is made to improve the quality of services and standards that are intended to be provided to the clients. There are different factors that could impact the strategic decision making process of the stores. It is recommended to consider the factors through which the quality of strategic management and the procedure that has to be followed for earning goodwill (Hays and Hill, 2001). Strategic management plan for increasing the production process and analysing the changes intended to be implemented by the managers of the stores are an important factor. Through this method, the decision regarding the business development, introducing changes with the production and sales process, and others are analysed. This is required for improving the organization decision regarding the business development and intruding new technology for serving the clients with the better options (Heizenberg, 2009). Some of the factors that are analysed in this process include Social - It includes implementing different strategies through which the changes in the production process can be introduced. Fair-trade and other factors are considered to be essential for setting out the standards that are necessary for the conduct of the business. The prices and the quality of services promised by the company are analysed in an effective manner. The changing needs or the expectations of the clients are analysed, s this will help in the business development plan (Holton, 2009). Training of the staffs - The store ensure to recruit qualified and experienced staffs that would provide the best customer service to the clients. Staffs are put through rigours training process, which enables the employees to learn better methods to increase the relationship with the clients of the stores. In this process, strategies are prepared to retain the best working staffs with the stores. For this motivational factors for the staffs are analysed. Through this method, the members are encouraged to work towards the goal achievement that has been set forth by the company (Kiraka Manning, 2005). Traceable products - In this method, the traceability of the goods and services rendered by the stores are analysed. This forms an important part of the component activities for the organization. John Lewis has been serving clients for more than a century now. The increase in the level of competition and expectations of the clients has encouraged the stores to introduce better methods to improve the sales and productivity. The steps involved in the process are critically evaluated through the strategies adopted by the management. In this method, the management work towards gaining the confidence of the consumers from the national and international market. Product safety - This is another type of component activity, where the products are integrated with the mission and objectives of the company. The standards are evaluated and the same is communicated with the members. Safety measures include analysing the quality environment, animal welfare, and other factors that are associated with the execution of the task. The components considered to be essential for the success of the business are Strategies adopted for increasing the sales and productivity for the organization Implementation of the technology through which the desired task can be achieved by the management (Kaplan Norton, 2001) Staff management Corporate social responsibility In this method, the management work towards improving the quality of the services which would affect the environmental factors. This includes controlling the wastages of the products that has been sold by the company. For packing the goods, the company ensure to use reusable or recycling materials. Such a factor reduces the wastages that are involved with the products and services rendered by the company to the clients (Albescu et al., 2007). Technological factors In the technological factors, the implementation of the latest process to manufacture and sell the products and services is adopted by the company. The technology is expected to help the management in introducing the better strategies for analysing the stocks, handling the staffs report, and others. The prime objective is to minimise the delay in the process of execution of the tasks or reduce the wastages (Ballard, 2006). Training of the staffs Trained and experienced staffs of the company tend to perform better for the company. The store ensures to recruit the best staff that would be able to handle the challenging tasks at the workplace. The training program has been designed and implemented by the management after analysing the future goals. Through this process, an attempt is made to minimise the labour turnover, which increases the operational expenses for the company. Recruitment process is done after evaluating the job analysis process. In this method, the strategies adopted by the company have to be analysed as this will help in selecting the qualified and experienced staffs for the stores. Advertisement for the job is done through online and offline method. Through such process, an attempt is made to recruit the suitable candidate who will be able to handle the challenges involved at the workplace. SWOT analysis Through this process, the store analyse the strength and weakness of the management. Strength Commitment towards the goal achievement Provide the best possible services to the clients. Effective strategies which enables the company to handle the challenging tasks even during economic downfall (Devis Brabander, 2009) Management through proper business plan has developed and implemented effective strategies through which the cost for the products has been controlled. Weakness Economic factors affect the profit earning margin for the store Increase in the competition and demand change of the customers Develop effectives strategies through which the business could be developed and customers can be served with the better option (Ekerson, 2007) Opportunities Proposal to expand business to different parts of the global market Brand image building Development and retaining positive relationship with the clients Adopt transparent method for increasing the sales and goodwill for the company Threat Handling the changing needs of the clients Increasing competition in the industry Performance management The success of the company or the store depends upon the effectiveness of the performance management that has been adopted and followed by the stores. In this process, the strategies are prepared to increase the quality of the products and render the best possible services to the clients. The changes required in the form of the production, marketing, and promotional activities has to be planned and introduced in the right manner (Eleni et al., 2007). However the challenge arises when the management are loaded with huge expectations of the clients and the stakeholders. Performance management is associated with the objectives drafted by the company, availability of resources like the staffs and funds, and other factors that are considered to be important for the business success. In this case, the management needs to plan and introduce effective strategies, and has to evaluate the same. The changes in the production activities have to be evaluated and related with the objectives that have been outlined by the company. The expectations of the store with different stores vary and depend upon various factors. Thus, an effective planning strategy has to be developed. Through online sales, the management plan to increase the sales and goodwill for the stores. Steps to improve the performance 1. Planning - The steps required to be followed for implementing the changes in the production process has to be planned. This will help in reducing the losses that can affect the business performance.2. Execution - Planned activities has to be executed in the planned manner. This will help in increasing the production activities (Harmon, 2003). 3. Monitoring - The steps followed by the management has to be monitored. Through this process the management intends to improve the quality of the production process. Conclusion Performance management and effective planning system is considered to be essential for the business management. In this process, the challenges involved in the execution method needs to be analysed. This will help in introducing the required changes through which the changes can be introduced by the management. The process followed by the management is planned and implemented in the planned manner. The changes can be introduced after analysing the challenges involved in the process of execution of the task. References Albescu, F, Pugna, I., Paraschiv D., (2007), Business Information engineering an approach integrating business and information technology, 2nd International Conference Accounting and 2., Management Information Systems, Buchares Ballard, C (2006), Business performance management meets Business Intelligence available on line at https:/www.ibm.com/redbooks Devis, B., Brabander, E. (2009). ARIS Design Platform Getting Started With BPM. Berlin: Springer. Ekerson W.W.(2007) Best practices in operational BI Converging analytical and operational processesavailable on line at www.tdwi.org/ Eleni T. Stavrou, Christakis Charalambous and Stelios Spiliotis, Human resource management and performance: A neural network analysis, Elsevier Publications, European Journal of Operation Research, 181, (2007), 453-466 Harmon, P. (2003). Business process Change, A Manager`s Guide to Improving, Redesigning, and Automating Processe. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufman Publishers Hays J and Hill V, 2001. A preliminary investigation of the relationships between employee motivation/vision, service learning, and perceived service quality, Elsevier Publications, Journal of Operations Management 19 (2001), 335349. Heizenberg J. (2009) BI predictions 2009: The paradox between demand and supplyavailable on line at www.bi-guru-nhm.com Holton C, Identifying disgruntled employee systems fraud risk through text mining: A simple solution for a multi-billion dollar problem, Elsevier Publications, Decision Support Systems 46 (2009), 853864. Kaplan, R. S. Norton, D. P. (2001) The Strategy-Focused Organization. Boston, Harvard Business School Press. Kiraka, R., Manning, K. (2005). Managing Organizatios Through a Process-Based Perspective: Its Challenges and Benefits. Knowledge and Process Management, 12 (4), 288-298. Kruppke, H., Bauer, T. (2005). No Business Intelligence Without Process Intelligence. In A. W. Scheer, W. Jost, H. He, A. Kronz (Eds.), Corporate Performance Management. Berlin: Springer. Pugna I., Albescu F., Zaharie D., (2008), Business Intelligence for strategic and performance measurement Business Performance Management, 4th International Conference of ASECU- Development: Cooperation and Competitiveness, Bucharest Rachel W.Y.Yee, AndyC.L.Yeung and T.C.EdwinCheng, An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality and firm performance in the service industry, Elsevier Publications, Int. J. Production Economics 124 (2010), 109120. Scheer, A. W., Kruppke, H., Jost, W., Kindermann, H. (2007). Agility by ARIS Business Process Management. Berlin: Springer. Turban,E Aronson, J.E. Liang, T.P. Sharda, R. (2007), Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall Ya-Fen Tseng and Tzai-Zang Lee, Comparing appropriate decision support of human resource practices on organizational performance with DEA/AHP model, Elsevier Publications, Expert Systems with Applications 36 (2009), 65486558.

Nuclear Weapons Essay Paper Example For Students

Nuclear Weapons Essay Paper In its attempts to harness the power of the atom, mankind has itself inthe possession of weapons with unbelievable, destructive power. Nations nowhave the ability to destroy entire cities from hundreds of miles away, in onlyminutes. These weapons are nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons cost the citizensof the United States billions of dollars in taxes each year, the testing andmaintenance of these weapons pose serious health risks, and the actual need forthese weapons is not and has not been around for years. For the above reasons,I feel the United States should reduce its nuclear arsenal. Nuclear weapons derive their power from the energy released when a heavynucleus is divided, called fission or when light nuclei are forced together,called fusion. In fission, a nucleus from a heavy element is bombarded withneutrons. The nucleus breaks into two pieces, releasing energy and two or moreneutrons. Each of these neutrons has enough energy to split another heavynucleus, allowing the process to repeat itself. This is the chain reaction thatmakes nuclear weapons possible. In a fusion nuclear device such as a hydrogenbomb, lightweight nuclei are forced to fuse at very high temperatures intoheavier nuclei, releasing energy and a neutron. In order to squeeze the twonuclei together, an atomic fission bomb is usually used. A fusion reactionreleases about four times more energy per unit mass than a fission reaction. The United States supervised the development of the atomic bomb under the codename Manhattan Project, during World War II. The first nuclear chain reactionoccurred in December 1942, at the University of Chicago. Soon after the firstbomb test, atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima andNagasaki in 1945. The first hydrogen bomb was developed by a team of UnitedStates scientists and was first tested on November 1, 1952. After World War II,a new age of military strategy occurred. The United States built up massivenuclear weapons arsenals and developed highly sophisticated systems of deliveryand defense. Todays intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) carry one ormore multiple, independently targeted reentry vehicles (MIBVs), each with itsown nuclear war head. Billions of dollars are wasted in taxes, each year, to pay for nuclearweapons. The United States has spent about four trillion dollars for itsnuclear arsenal since government supported work began on the atomic bomb in 1940(Schwartz 1). This number is three times larger than the entire United Statesbudget for World War II (Schwartz 1). This number covers most, but not all, ofthe costs required to develop, produce, display, operate, support and controlnuclear forces over the past fifty years. Anywhere from five-hundred billion toone trillion dollars could be added to this, to cover the remaining costs(Schwartz 1). Nuclear weapons are estimated to have used between one quarterand one third of all military spending since World War II (Schwartz 2). Today,Congress and the Administration are watching government spending, shrinking andeliminating programs and taking other measures to reduce the deficit. Despitethis, the central feature of national security spending for the past fifty years,n uclear weapons, has been barely touched. The United States spends at leastthirty-three billion dollars a year on nuclear weapons and their relatedactivities (Schwartz 3). Although, about eight billion dollars is being spenton waste management, environmental remediation, dismantlement and dispositionactivities, most of it goes to maintaining, improving and controlling theexisting arsenal and toward the capability to produce new weapons (Schwartz 3). The United States nuclear weapons program poses serious health risks toits citizens. A combination of secrecy, lax enforcement, reckless neglect andan emphasis on production at the cost of health, safety and the environmentcreated toxic and radioactive pollution at thousands of sites around the country. .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 , .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 .postImageUrl , .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 , .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6:hover , .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6:visited , .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6:active { border:0!important; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6:active , .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6 .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2eff0d0f20dc669a3672038809cef0e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Antigone The Tragic Hero EssayUnited States nuclear weapons production facilities have left a mess that, if itcan be cleaned up at all, will take decades and billions of dollars. Also, agreat amount of United States citizens were needlessly exposed to high levels ofradiation. Those most affected were the workers at the Atomic Energy Commission(Department of Energy) weapons facilities (Schwartz 5). Another quarter of amillion military personnel took part in exercises in the Pacific and Nevada testsites, to see their ability to engage the enemy on an atomic battlefield(Schwartz 5). Nuclear weapons are not needed, and have not been, for years. Whilenuclear weapons have influenced politics, public opinion and defense budget,they have not had a significant impact on